International Agricultural Research Centers Research Articles

The search for new models for organizing regional agricultural research in the post-colonial era: Rice in West Africa

ABSTRACT The West African Rice Development Association (WARDA), created in 1971 as a regional network of rice research stations and governed by member countries, was unique within the system of international agricultural research centers that emerged in the post-colonial era. This paper reviews the actors, the actors, their motives, and the political and organizational debates involves in establishing WARDA. In particular, it traces the roles and interests of the former colonial powers, especially the French, the newly independent countries of the region, international organizations, and US foreign assistance and philanthropic agencies. Although all agreed that rice research was a priority for regional cooperation, the design of WARDA stimulated debates around centralization, governance, and funding of international research that continue until today.

The economic impact of CGIAR-related crop technologies on agricultural productivity in developing countries, 1961–2020

The international agricultural research centers that comprise the CGIAR got their start in the 1960s. They soon made major contributions to crop improvement in developing countries, particular in rice and wheat in Asia. Today, farmers can acquire new technologies from many sources, and evidence of whether the CGIAR continues to play an important role in crop improvement has become dated. This paper brings together an expanded set of evidence on the diffusion and productivity impact of CGIAR crop research through 2020, and breaks out these impacts by crop, region, and over time. By 2016–2020, CGIAR-related crop technologies had been adopted on at least 221 million hectares across Asia, Africa and Latin America, generating economic welfare gains of $47 billion annually. In the 2010s, technology adoption and welfare impacts were increasing by about $600 million annually, almost as much as in the 1990s. In the early days of the “Green Revolution,” these welfare impacts were largely confined to rice and wheat in Asia, but in recent decades have grown to include a larger range of crops and geographies, notably cassava and maize in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although improved crop varieties have been the main technology through which CGIAR crop centers have achieved these impacts, CGIAR-related integrated pest management and natural resource management technologies have also made significant contributions to crop productivity. In addition to raising farm income, productivity gains in staple crops have lowered food prices, thereby benefitting the whole population. This is a key reason why agricultural productivity growth, and food crop productivity growth in particular, has had greater impacts on poverty reduction in low-income countries than comparable productivity growth in other sectors.

Bazı pamuk hatlarının tarla koşullarında Verticillium dahliae Kleb. solgunluğuna duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi

Verticillium wilt caused by the soil-borne pathogen is one of the most significant diseases affecting the yield of cotton and is almost incurable with chemical agents. For this reason, it will be inevitable to cultivate resistant varieties. In this direction, this study was carried out to determine the response of cotton varieties and inbred lines obtained from cotton breeding projects of the GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center (GAPUTAEM) in Diyarbakır, Türkiye to Verticillium wilt disease. The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications during the 2016 and 2017 cotton growing seasons. In the study, 12 advanced inbred lines (8, 20, 30, 34, 38, 57, 58, 63, 64, 8/4, 5/7, and 8/1) and 3 control varieties [Stoneville 468, Carmen (tolerant control), and Çukurova-1518 (sensitive-control)] were tested for the response to Verticillium wilt under naturally infected field conditions. Disease severity was determined in the leaf at 5-10% and 50-60% of the boll opening stages and in the stem section after harvest. Additionally, some yield parameters and fiber quality properties were investigated in the study. The results indicated that there were significant differences among genotypes for most of the investigated characteristics.It was determined that with regard to foliar disease index (FDI) as mentioned boll opening stages and disease index of stem cross-section (SDI) the most tolerant genotype was inbred line 38, while the most sensitive variety was Çukurova-1518. As a result of their low disease index value and high yield capacity, the inbred lines 30, 57, 38, and 20 were recommended.

Navigating the landscape of global sustainable livelihood research: past insights and future trajectory.

Sustainable livelihoods (SL) have emerged as a crucial area of focus in global environmental change research, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This field is rapidly gaining prominence in sustainability science and has become one of the primary research paradigms. In our study, we conducted scientometrics analysis using the ISI Web of Science core collection database to examine research patterns and frontier areas in SL research. We selected 6441 papers and 265,759 references related to SL published from 1991 to 2020. To achieve this, we employed advanced quantitative analysis tools such as CiteSpace and VOSviewer to quantitatively analyze and visualize the evolution of literature in the SL research field. Our overarching objectives were to understand historical research characteristics, identify the knowledge base, and determine future research trends. The results revealed an exponential increase in SL research documentation since 1991, with the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Center (CGIAR) contributing the highest volume of research documents and citations. Key journals in this field included World Development, Global Environmental Change, Ecological Economics, and Ecology and Society. Notably, Singh RK and Shackleton CM emerged as prolific authors in SL research. Through our analysis, we identified six primary clusters of research areas: livelihoods, conservation, food security, management, climate change, and ecosystem services. Additionally, we found that tags such as rural household, agricultural intensification, cultural intensification, and livelihoods vulnerability remained relevant and represented active research hotspots. By analyzing keyword score relevance, we identified frontier areas in SL research, including mass tourism, solar home systems, artisanal and small-scale mining, forest quality, marine-protected areas, agricultural sustainability, sustainable rangeland management, and indigenous knowledge. These findings provide valuable insights to stakeholders regarding the historical, current, and future trends in SL research, offering strategic opportunities to enhance the sustainability of livelihoods for farmers and rural communities in alignment with the SDGs.

Investigation of generative high temperature tolerances of some cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties

The potential of cotton genotypes to form buds, flowers and bolls is not sufficient to achieve cotton seed yield targets. Despite global warming buds, flowers and bolls that mature in cotton plants must be successfully transformed into products. However, this is related to the generative tolerance of the genotype to high temperature. In study aims to scan the negative effects of high temperature stress on the generative development on cotton varieties registered in Turkey in the last 10 years. The experiment was established in the GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center trial field in 2020, with 4 blocks according to the Augmented design. Six standards (Tamcot Spnhix, SJU86, AGC208, ST468, ST474, Carmen) and 88 cotton varieties registered in Turkey National Variety List were used as trial material. In this study, high temperature pollen vitality stress index (HTPVSI) and high temperature shedding stress index (HTSSI) properties were investigated. According to the results of the experiments we conducted, it was determined that the HTPVSI values ranged between 0.17-1.26, the HTPVSI averages of the standards were 1.17, and the HTPVSI averages of the genotypes were 0.99. It has been determined that HTSSI values vary between 0.30-1.71. It was determined that the mean HTSSI values of the standards were 0.89 and the genotypes were 1.00. It was determined that there was a wide variation among the genotypes screened for generatively high temperature stress. Using HTSSI and HTPVSI features is recommended as a selection criterion since it is an important trait for screening genotypes in terms of tolerance or sensitivity to generative high temperature stress in cotton plants. In our study, the results were not similar to each other in terms of HTPVSI and HTSSI traits, due to the low share of flower shedding after applying HTSP (High Temperature Shock Practice: 96 hours of uninterrupted exposure to high temperature during generative periods) in the shedding rate. When the examined HTSSI and HTPVSI traits were examined together, no cotton genotypes were found to be generatively tolerant. In terms of sensitivity of genotypes to high temperature, 18 cotton genotypes were found in the medium tolerant group and 25 cotton genotypes were found in the sensitive group.

Yield and fiber quality traits of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars analyzed by biplot method

BackgroundCotton is a vital fiber crop fulfilling global demands for raw materials in the textile sector. Therefore, high-yielding cultivars with superior-quality traits are desired at regional scales. The high-yielding cultivars can be selected by determining their responses to various environmental conditions at different locations over a short or long period. Genotypes, environment, and year significantly alter seed cotton yield and fiber quality. Therefore, determining the response to various environmental conditions is necessary for selecting high-yielding cultivars with superior fiber quality. MethodsThis study determined the yield and fiber quality traits of 3 cotton cultivars (i.e., ‘DP396′, ‘BA440′ and ‘Teksa 415′) at five different locations (i.e., Tepe, Boztepe, Bozçalı, Köseli and GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center) in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey for 3 years (2019, 2020, and 2021). Data relating to seed cotton yield and fiber quality traits were collected and relationships of these traits were determined by biplot analysis. ResultsCultivars × traits relationship indicated that ‘DP396′ was the most stable cultivar with the highest seed cotton yield. Similarly, ‘BA440′ cultivar was associated with quality characteristics. Sector analysis divided the yield and quality traits into three different groups. The locations × traits relationship indicated that the examined traits differed according to the locations. Tepe location was in the center in terms of quality and seed yield, whereas Bozçalı location had superior quality traits. Likewise, Boztepe location resulted in higher values ​​ of seed and fiber yield, and number of bolls per plant. The studied characteristics varied among the years, and higher values of seed and fiber yields, and the number of bolls per plant were recorded during 2019. On the other hand, superior fiber quality traits were noted during 2021. ConclusionsIt is concluded that ‘DP396′ was the most stable cultivar for seed cotton yield, whereas ‘BA440′ was stable for quality traits. Therefore, these cultivars can be used in the studied locations to increase yield and fiber quality. Furthermore, these cultivars could be utilized in the breeding programs for developing high-yielding and better fiber quality producing genotypes in the future.

Mineral Composition of Elements in Red Lentil and Chickpea Cultivars Grown in Southeast of Turkey

Legumes such as red lentil and chickpeas are the most important products in our region also has a structure rich in mineral substance. However, very little work has been done in this area in our region. In this study, contents of mineral elements such as K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Se, V, Sn, Mn, Si and Ni were determined by inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method in registered six red lentil and two chickpea cultivars by GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center (GAPUTAEM). In addition, the determination of the element concentrations of the species and the comparison of the element amounts in lentils and chickpeas were also evaluated. Element concentrations in lentil varieties are listed in descending order as follows K> Mg> Ca> Fe> Si> Zn> Sn> Mn> Cu> Ni> Cr> Se> V> Cd> Pb> As, while in chickpea cultivars are; K> Ca> Mg> Fe> Zn> Si> Mn> Sn> Cu> Ni> V> Cr> Se> Pb> Cd> As has been in the form. In the study were found that registred lentils and chichpeas varieties to be rich in terms of potassium element. On the other hand in the chickpeas cultivars calcium content is higher than lentils types.In addition, toxic heavy metals Cd, Pb and As concentrations were determined to be below the limit values. The results showed us that legumes are very important mineral resources. Lentils and chickpeas are very similar in terms of macro and micro element contents.Additionally, it was observed that they had a nutritionally safe mineral structure.

Agricultural geography and its role in international agricultural research centers: theoretical and scientific concerns

The CGIAR International Agricultural Research Centers constitute a system of interdisciplinary work on agricultural systems in the Third World that brings together the physical and social sciences. Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in agricultural geospatial research. This interest reflects the centers' growing interest in sustainable agriculture and agro-environmental mapping. It also proposes a rather narrow concept of geography. It addresses the potential origins of the limited representation of geography in these centers to date, and the context of this emerging interest. We argue that geographers bear a responsibility to extract The practical implications of their research We suggest that centers provide one way to do this. Potential contributions from the physical, biogeographical, cartographic and social fields to our discipline are considered, and the importance of teamwork bringing together these different disciplines is suggested. Particularly important, whether for applied agricultural research or the theoretical study of Third World agriculture, could be a critical development of the concept of 'sustainability'. Several thematic and conceptual building blocks are introduced for such a development.

Transition From Targeted Breeding to Mainstreaming of Biofortification Traits in Crop Improvement Programs.

Biofortification breeding for three important micronutrients for human health, namely, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and provitamin A (PVA), has gained momentum in recent years. HarvestPlus, along with its global consortium partners, enhances Fe, Zn, and PVA in staple crops. The strategic and applied research by HarvestPlus is driven by product-based impact pathway that integrates crop breeding, nutrition research, impact assessment, advocacy, and communication to implement country-specific crop delivery plans. Targeted breeding has resulted in 393 biofortified crop varieties by the end of 2020, which have been released or are in testing in 63 countries, potentially benefitting more than 48 million people. Nevertheless, to reach more than a billion people by 2030, future breeding lines that are being distributed by Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers and submitted by National Agricultural Research System (NARS) to varietal release committees should be biofortified. It is envisaged that the mainstreaming of biofortification traits will be driven by high-throughput micronutrient phenotyping, genomic selection coupled with speed breeding for accelerating genetic gains. It is noteworthy that targeted breeding gradually leads to mainstreaming, as the latter capitalizes on the progress made in the former. Efficacy studies have revealed the nutritional significance of Fe, Zn, and PVA biofortified varieties over non-biofortified ones. Mainstreaming will ensure the integration of biofortified traits into competitive varieties and hybrids developed by private and public sectors. The mainstreaming strategy has just been initiated in select CGIAR centers, namely, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). This review will present the key successes of targeted breeding and its relevance to the mainstreaming approaches to achieve scaling of biofortification to billions sustainably.

Whither the Marriage of Agriculture and Nutrition?

In many circles today, there is enthusiasm to join nutritional sciences to agriculture, whereby the supply of a healthy diet to the populations of the world starts with agricultural production. However, bridging disciplines has always been a challenge, as each discipline has its own multiple centers of gravity: intellectual, methodological, institutional, administrative, and budgetary. HarvestPlus is a program within the international agricultural research centers of the CGIAR system, and has been one of the most structured attempts to bridge agriculture and nutrition. This effort initiated in 1994 with an exploratory workshop to test the possible interest of crop researchers in addressing nutritional problems. This writer signed up “for the ride” given that it was a funded activity, and agreed to test the potential to improve common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a dietary source of iron and zinc. He only gradually incorporated nutritional impact into his worldview of the role of agriculture in what is now widely known as “biofortification” – a term that he is credited with coining. These lines are a reflection on that experience. Over the past quarter of a century, breeders and agronomists of common bean have broadened their scope beyond yield-related traits, and learned something of nutrition. Agronomists have learned to refine their vocabulary. What is bioefficacy? What is the difference between anemia and iron deficiency, and what is their relationship? What is the optimal variety, if not one that serves the nutritional needs of consumers? But this transition has been received with enthusiasm as it has given a new dimension and social role to the work of crop development. Perhaps what has most motivated breeders and agronomists is the possibility of rescuing young children in their developmental years from the life-long effects of iron deficiency on their cognitive ability. On the other hand, nutritionists contributed to the breeding program from the start, in choosing target nutrients and setting goal levels of these. Within HarvestPlus, micronutrients were highlighted and iron, zinc and pro-vitamin A were prioritized. Meanwhile, perhaps nutritionists have learned something of plant breeding: what is genetic variability? What is heritability? Perhaps they have learned to think in terms of hundreds or thousands of breeding lines, instead of two or three that enter bioefficacy trials. Perhaps they have found a new channel whereby their own science can impact on society. While donor expectations often overshot the outputs of the breeding program, and results were a long time coming, the foray into a very new area of breeding proved to be a productive learning experience. Biofortification joined cutting edge research on genetic resources and a core collection [1], with standard genetic studies on genotype by environment interaction, and conventional breeding methods. A long-term learning process eventually led to an appreciation of the evolution of different species and the potential contribution of genes from those that originated in semiarid environments [2]. Breeders were supported for evaluation of mineral concentration with efficient methodologies of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and later with a novel method of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) [3], which greatly facilitated the breeding process. In retrospect, iron homeostasis was an obstacle to altering the iron concentration in the crop; interestingly, this is a biological phenomenon shared by plants and humans, and we might have appreciated this much sooner with a more intense dialogue with nutritionists. Early efforts in the nutritional sciences were marked by naivety about the demands of properly run bioefficacy trials, including among nutritionists whose specialty was not iron. Just as breeders and agronomists specialize on their crop, so do nutritionists specialize on their nutrient - a fact those breeders needed to appreciate. Eventually success emerged in a bioefficacy trial in Rwanda comparing high and low iron beans. Publications document the successful partnership of breeders and nutritionists. Not only did high iron beans increase hemoglobin levels in college age women [4], but they also improved cognitive ability [5], neuron function [6], and work capacity [7]. In a separate trial, a strong tendency toward improvement of transferrin receptor (P=0.054) was observed among Mexican school children consuming biofortified beans [8], especially among the most iron deficient [9]. At the end of the day, our faith in a diet-based approach and the potential contribution of biofortification was vindicated. Breeding itself is being restructured within the international agricultural research centers, whereby the stages of developing and delivering improved varieties are defined more explicitly, from product design, to breeding and testing, to final dissemination to farmers and consumers. Just as nutritionists participated in the definition of breeding goals at the outset of HarvestPlus, so will they likely do so in the future as new frontiers emerge? However, as illustrated in the case of biofortification of common bean, this longterm interdisciplinary interaction extended far beyond the definition of expected products, and has been a partnership that facilitated genetic improvement, and that led to validating those products in trials with human beings. Indeed, an even more pernicious scenario is emerging in both the developed world and in so-called developing countries, as obesity and its accompanying syndrome of diabetes loom large. With continuing prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in many countries and environments, under-nutrition increasingly co-occurs with “over-nutrition”. The current pandemic has thrown millions more into poverty and will aggravate malnutrition. Other questions have been raised about the effects of climate change on the nutritional quality of crops. Where will the institutional leadership come from to confront these challenges and to coordinate across disciplines? Some issues may be addressed by joint short-term projects, but these challenges will require an even more coordinated cross-disciplinary programmatic effort. Within the United States, the USDA is the institution best positioned to address the linkages between nutrition and agriculture, and this has become an explicit part of its mandate. On the international scene, the CGIAR maintains a stated commitment to both nutrition and agricultural production, but the necessary institutional structure to facilitate cross-disciplinary cooperation has not been defined. Any reorganization has implications of re-positioning relationships, but cross-disciplinary relationships present their own tests. While technical challenges may appear daunting, the greater challenge may be to find a coherent institutional programmatic framework whereby well-meaning scientists can cooperate on solving the nutritional problems of society.

Coming to terms with tropical ecology: technology transfer during the early Green Revolution

ABSTRACT That plants native to one region of the world often fare poorly when transferred to another region has long been known. It seems odd, therefore, that the Green Revolution (GR) programmes of the 1950s and into the ‘60s sought to transfer temperate zone technology to the tropics. Proponents of the GR, however, justified this mistake by arguing that they had had little choice. For knowledge of tropical agriculture was at that time largely confined to export crops while GR programmes focused upon food staples. An understanding of how to transfer technology to the tropics, they maintained, was only achieved in the 1960s at the new international agricultural research centres. Both of these claims, however, are highly misleading. By the 1950s the field of tropical agriculture had much to say about staples which would have been relevant to early GR programmes. Moreover, it was not until the late ‘60s that the new IARCs began to address fully the problem of transfer, and by the early ‘70s these efforts had lost momentum. It would appear, therefore, that those planning the early GR programmes were either unaware of existing knowledge about tropical agriculture or knew but chose to ignore it.

PRESENT STATUS OF GRAIN LEGUMES PRODUCTION IN NEPAL

This review paper is prepared to know the information about the present scenario of grain legumes in Nepal. Grain legumes are important crops for improving soil condition and dietary status of human. The area, production and productivity of grain legumes are collected from the data which is published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD). During the fiscal year 2019/20, Grain legumes are grown in 333,740 ha with the production and productivity of 381,987 Mt and 1,151 kg/ha respectively. Among pulses, the winter crop lentil dominates in production (65.76%) as well as in area coverage (62.93%). Grain Legumes Research Program (GLRP) of Nepal in collaboration with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGAIR) centres works for genetic improvement of lentil, chickpea, pigeon pea, soybean, black gram, fababean and cowpea.

EVALUATION OF COTTON (GOSSYPIUM SPP.) GERMPLASM FOR HEAT TOLERANCE UNDER NORMAL AND LATE PLANTING TIME

The objective of this study was to determine cotton (Gossypium ssp.) germplasm for heat tolerance under normal and late planting time. For this aiming 200 cotton genotypes and five check varieties (Gloria, SG 125, Flash, Ozbek 105 and Candia) were evaluated under two different temperature regimes and experiments were conducted according to the augmented design with four blocks. Field studies were carried out at the GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center’s experimental area in Diyarbakır, Turkey, in 2016 cotton growing season. In the study heat susceptibility index was used for discriminate to the genotypes for heat tolerance. Genotypes were classified into four groups based on the heat susceptibility index. The results of this study indicated that five cotton genotypes (TAM 139-17 ELS, CIM-240, Haridost, MNH-990 and AzGR-11835) were in highly heat tolerant, 28 genotypes were found heat tolerant, 56 genotypes were in the moderately heat tolerant and other 120 genotypes were observed susceptible for heat tolerance. Based on the heat susceptibility index, five cotton genotypes can be used as parent for heat tolerance improvement in the cotton breeding program where high temperature is a limiting factor for seed cotton yield.

EVALUATION OF COTTON (GOSSYPIUM SPP.) GERMPLASM FOR HEAT TOLERANCE UNDER NORMAL AND LATE PLANTING TIME

The objective of this study was to determine cotton (Gossypium ssp.) germplasm for heat tolerance under normal and late planting time. For this aiming 200 cotton genotypes and five check varieties (Gloria, SG 125, Flash, Ozbek 105 and Candia) were evaluated under two different temperature regimes and experiments were conducted according to the augmented design with four blocks. Field studies were carried out at the GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center’s experimental area in Diyarbakır, Turkey, in 2016 cotton growing season. In the study heat susceptibility index was used for discriminate to the genotypes for heat tolerance. Genotypes were classified into four groups based on the heat susceptibility index. The results of this study indicated that five cotton genotypes (TAM 139-17 ELS, CIM-240, Haridost, MNH-990 and AzGR-11835) were in highly heat tolerant, 28 genotypes were found heat tolerant, 56 genotypes were in the moderately heat tolerant and other 120 genotypes were observed susceptible for heat tolerance. Based on the heat susceptibility index, five cotton genotypes can be used as parent for heat tolerance improvement in the cotton breeding program where high temperature is a limiting factor for seed cotton yield.

Physiological, Morphological, Phenological and Yield Evaluation of Durum Wheat Lines Under Rainfed Conditions

Food products of durum wheat play an important role in the world trade because it can be grown only in certain and limited regions of the world. The study aimed to assess some agronomic characteristics of 120 advanced durum wheat lines obtained from CIMMYT (The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas), APUTAEM (GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center) and five control varieties (Artuklu, Eyyubi, Güneyyıldızı, Şahinbey and Zenit). Field trial was carried out in the experimental field of GAP International Agricultural Research Institute at Diyarbakır, Turkey, in 2015 – 2016 growing season. Experiment was conducted via augmented experimental design consisting of six blocks which has twenty five plots with five controls. The examined traits was traits was divided into groups at physiological (canopy temperature, flag leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area index at anthesis, grain filling duration and grain filling rate), phenological (plant emergence time, heading time, anthesis time and physiological maturity time), morphological (leaf glaucusness, leaf erectness, plant height and spike length) and yield – forming parameters (spike number, spikelet number, grain number, spike grain weight and grain yield). There was statistically significant difference between genotypes in all traits except canopy temperature. Correlation analysis showed a positive and significant correlation between yield and spike grain weight. As a result of the research, it was determined that 13 lines (5, 16, 18, 3, 34, 41, 42, 50, 52, 85, 92, 94 and 114) showing superior features than control cultivar in terms of different characteristics was selected and transferred to the advanced stages of breeding studies. Keywords: Durum wheat, Yield, Augmented design, Diyarbakir DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-04-05

Durum Buğday Genotiplerinde Bazı Morfolojik Özelliklerin Ekin Sap Arısı ((Cephus pygmaeus L. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)) Zararı Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi

Bu çalışmada Bölge Verim Denemesinde yer alan bazı durum buğday genotiplerinde ekin sap arısının (Cephus pygmaeus L. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)) meydana getirdiği zarar durumu incelenmiştir. Denemeler. GAP Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi’nde (GAPUTAEM) 12 durum buğday genotipi ile 2007-2008 ve 2008-2009 yetiştirme sezonlarında tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Ekin sap arısı ile bulaşık bitki oranı 2007-2008 yılında %4.80-11.87 arasında yer alırken, denemenin ikinci yılında %1.72-7.96 arasında yer almıştır. Standart çeşitlerden Fuatbey-2000, Altıntoprak-98 ve Sarıçanak-98’de bulaşıklık 2007-2008 yılında sırasıyla %6.43, %6.96 ve %7.94 olarak bulunurken, denemenin ikinci yılında ise %4.08, %7.96 ve %2.71 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bulaşık bitki oranı ve başakta tane sayısında (BTS) azalma oranı bakımından G7’nin her iki yılda da düşük değerlere sahip olması bu genotipin dayanıklılık kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

Tropical and subtropical forage germplasm conservation and science on their deathbed! 1. A journey to crisis

While interest in the potential of tropical and subtropical forage (TSTF) germplasm for improved livestock production commenced earlier, it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that plant collecting and research on diversity and utilization of grasses and legumes reached significant global momentum. The subsequent engagement in pasture and forage research by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centres, such as the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA; 1974–1995)/International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI; since 1995) from the 1970s onwards, built on the advances made by national centres in Australia, the United States of America, Kenya and elsewhere. By 1990–2000, TSTFs were recognized for contributing to a range of commercial and smallholder livestock production systems in Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Africa. However, their use, the value of further research and the need to maintain the very large and diverse collections held in international and national genebanks were challenged by this time because of perceived environmental risks, questions about whether or not past achievements could be bettered and the high costs of maintaining genebanks. Since then, the decline in investment and the quality of conservation and curation has been a relatively rapid process and reached the crisis point of today in just 20–25 years. This article traces 70 years of expansion and then decline of plant collecting, conservation, research and commercialization of TSTFs as a new commodity and examines the reasons for the sharp changes that have taken place. In a second article (this issue), the argument is made for swift and drastic action to prevent critical germplasm from being lost, to enable genebanks to play their crucial and unique role in underpinning improving production and productivity in livestock systems and to provide key germplasm tools to achieve environmental benefits.

Effects of different mixture ratios of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) on quality of silage

The study was aimed to determine the properties of silages obtained by growing different mixture ratios of grass pea and barley harvested in the flowering and spike period, respectively. The research was carried out in the experimental field of the GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growth seasons during two years. “Kendal” barley variety and GAP Mavisi grass pea variety were used as material.The treatments viz.,100% barley, 100% grass pea, 75% grass pea + 25% barley, 50% grass pea + 50% barley and 25% grasspea + 75% barley mixtures were used for different silage preperations. Silages were prepared with 4 replications in 3 liters plastic jars, which were mixed and compressed uniformly and sealed thight. Crude protein, crude ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and lactic acid ratios of silages were determined. According to 2-year average results; all applications were found statistically significant.

Bitki Aktivatörünün Bazı Yaygın Fiğ Çeşitlerinde (Vicia sativa L.) Farklı Uygulamalarının Verim Ve Verim Unsurlarına Etkisi

Araştırma, Diyarbakır ekolojik koşullarında bitki aktivatörünün bazı yaygın fiğ çeşitlerinde (Vicia sativa L.) farklı uygulamalarının verim ve verim unsurlarına etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla, 2014- 2015 üretim yılında GAP Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi Müdürlüğü uygulama arazisinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada toplam 4 farklı yaygın fiğ çeşidi kullanılmış olup, tarla denemeleri tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada; bitki boyu, yeşil ot verimi, kuru ot verimi, ham protein oranı, ana sap sayısı (adet), yaprak klorofil içeriği (mg kg-1 ), ana sap uzunluğu (cm) gibi bazı özellikler de incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre; genotiplerin, bitki boyu değerleri 23.3-47.8 cm, klorofil oranı 37.47-55.23 mg kg-1, yeşil ot verimi 1.20-4.27 kg/bitki, kuru ot verimi 0.32-1.06 kg/bitki, ham protein oranı % 18.57-22.37, ana sap sayısı 2.07-2.53 adet, ana sap uzunluğu 36.27-65.00 cm arasında değişim göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, Diyarbakır ili iklim ve toprak koşullarında; ot üretimi amacıyla Alper çeşidinin 4 nolu uygulama şeklinde yetiştirilmesi önerilmiştir.

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault: 10 Years-1 Million Samples.

Biopreservation and BiobankingVol. 16, No. 5 Original ArticlesOpen AccessCreative Commons licenseThe Svalbard Global Seed Vault: 10 Years—1 Million SamplesÅsmund Asdal and Luigi GuarinoÅsmund AsdalAddress correspondence to: Åsmund Asdal, MS, Nordic Genetic Resource Center, Smedjevägen 3, Alnarp 230 53, Sweden E-mail Address: asmund.asdal@nordgen.orgNordic Genetic Resource Center, Alnarp, Sweden.Search for more papers by this author and Luigi GuarinoGlobal Crop Diversity Trust, Bonn, Germany.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:12 Oct 2018https://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2018.0025AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Genebanks worldwide conserve plant genetic resources with the purpose of making them available for improving food and nutritional security through research, plant breeding, and education. In gene banks, genetic diversity is conserved ex situ through different methods, as seeds, living plants, and plant tissues. Well-dried, vacuum-packed seeds of so-called orthodox species can stay viable at low temperatures for very long predictable periods of time. Thus, for many crops, seed storage is the optimal method for long-term ex situ conservation of genetic diversity in genebanks.There may be some 1750 crop genebanks worldwide. About 130 of these hold >10,000 accessions each.1 Genebank collections are held by international, regional, and national institutes as well as by universities, breeding institutes, NGOs, private entities, and commercial companies. As an extra security measure for the conservation of valuable resources, international guidelines recommend safety duplication of genebank collections. All genebanks providing access to seeds for researchers and plant breeders are free to store security copies of these seeds at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.The Vault was opened in 2008. It has the capacity to store 4.5 million seed samples in three caverns dug into a mountain at the end of a 100 m tunnel. Svalbard is considered to be an ideal place for a facility of this kind. It has deep permafrost, securing seeds at low temperatures even if the artificial cooling fails and it combines being a remote and calm location with good infrastructure and the presence of public services.Offering the world a safe place for seeds is in accordance with long standing Norwegian policies for supporting biodiversity conservation, and stakeholders all over the world trust that Norway will take good care of the seeds. The Vault is owned by the Norwegian government and managed through an agreement between the Norwegian Ministry for Agriculture and Food, the Global Crop Diversity Trust, and the Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen). The seeds in the Vault remain the property of the depositor, which can get the seeds back if their genetic material is lost or inaccessible from their own or from cooperating gene banks' repositories. Only the depositing institution can obtain access to the seeds it deposited in the Vault.After 10 years of operation, the number of deposited seed samples has reached 1,060,987. The major part, about two-thirds, has been deposited by international agricultural research centers. Four of these have deposited >100,000 samples each: CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) in Mexico, IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) in The Philippines, ICRISAT (International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) in India, and ICARDA (International Institute for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas), which until recently had its genebank in Syria.The largest depositors among national genebanks are the United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, The Netherlands, South Korea, and Switzerland. NordGen, the regional genebank of the Nordic countries, has also secured a significant part of its seed collection in the Vault. Genebanks in several developing countries have deposited seeds as well: Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Burundi, North Korea, Myanmar, and Pakistan, among others.The Vault now holds samples of about 5000 different species. Rice and wheat are represented by >150,000 seed samples each. Furthermore, 15 major cereal, vegetable, and forage crops are represented by >10,000 seed samples (Fig. 1). A review 5 years ago estimated that about a third of globally distinct samples of 156 crop genera with orthodox seeds are safety duplicated in the Vault, although some “minor” crops and countries such as China and India are underrepresented.2FIG. 1. Number of seed samples stored in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault of the 10 best represented crops by March 2018. NordGen Seed Portal.aSo far, only one institute has requested seeds to be returned. This happened in the autumn 2015, when ICARDA, which until then had its headquarters in Aleppo, Syria, lost access to its genebank, and needed seeds from Svalbard to establish new functional genebanks at sites in Lebanon and Morocco. Seeds from the Vault have been shipped back on two occasions, and have been sown and multiplied at these sites. ICARDA has taken on the huge task of multiplying and redepositing major parts of its seed collections in the Vault in the shortest possible time. Since the spring of 2017, it has redeposited seeds in the Vault on three occasions.The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is considered to be a vital part of the global system for conservation and use of plant genetic resources. This was reaffirmed at the last meeting of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) in November 2017, which also encouraged genebanks to make use of the Seed Vault in their strategies for the long-term security of important seed collections.3The Vault partners invite genebanks to ship seeds to Svalbard on three or four regular opening occasions every year. Between 12 and 29 institutes have deposited seeds every year since 2008, for a total of 76. Many of these have deposited seeds several times, as part of a comprehensive program for securing major parts of their collections.4After 10 years of operation, the Seed Vault is now undergoing improvements to make the storage even more secure toward future climate change scenarios. During melting periods, the Vault has experienced water leakage in the entrance tunnel, although not at all to the storage halls themselves. Despite concerns about climate change in the Arctic, Svalbard is still considered to be the optimal place for hosting the global backup for plant genetic diversity collections. The completely watertight entrance tunnel that will be built during 2018 and 2019 will further increase the security of deposited seeds for the future of agriculture and food production.Author Disclosure StatementNo conflicting financial interests exist.References1 FAO, 2010. The Second Report on The State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1500e/i1500e.pdf (Accessed March 15, 2018). Google Scholar2 Westengen OT, Jeppson S, Guarino L. Global ex-situ crop diversity conservation and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Assessing the current status. PLoS One 2013;8:e64146. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3 The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2017. Resolution 12/2017. Cooperation with other International bodies and organizations. IT/GB-7/17/Res12 Google Scholar4 NordGen, 2018. Svalbard Global Seed Vault Seed Portal, 20180314. https://www.nordgen.org/sgsv/ (Accessed March 14, 2018). Google Scholara (https://www.nordgen.org/sgsv/ 20180314).FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 16Issue 5Oct 2018 Information© Asdal and Guarino, 2018; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Åsmund Asdal and Luigi Guarino.The Svalbard Global Seed Vault: 10 Years—1 Million Samples.Biopreservation and Biobanking.Oct 2018.391-392.http://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2018.0025creative commons licensePublished in Volume: 16 Issue 5: October 12, 2018Open accessThis Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.PDF download